Contract

126 cases · May 2017 to July 2026

Case Volume by Year

1
17
2
18
3
19
2
21
7
24
53
25
58
26
2017–2026

Key Issues & Sub-Topics

Agreement — Sale and purchase agreement — 1st respondent claimed liquidated ascertained damages (“LAD”) against applicant for delay in delivery of vacant possession — Settlement agreement between applicant and 1st respondent — Whether settlement agreement entered — Whether settlement agreement is certain and capable of being certain — Whether settlement agreement entered prior to the occurrence of the delay of vacant possession —Whether 1st respondent estopped by settlement agreement from filing claim at the Tribunal for Homebuyers Claim 3 Unconscionability — Unequal bargaining power — Penalty clauses — Interest and late payment charges — Whether terms in a Letter of Offer and subsequent Settlement Agreement were unconscionable — Impact of prior commercial conduct and partial performance. 2 Illegality — Moneylending transaction — Sale and purchase agreements alleged to be sham — Whether agreements intended to disguise loan transaction — Whether contravened Moneylenders Act 1951 — Unlicensed moneylending — Effect of illegality — Whether agreements enforceable — Moneylenders Act 1951, ss 2, 5, 10OA, 15, 17A Contract — Illegality — Moneylending transaction — Sale and purchase agreements declared unenforceable — Effect on third-party claims — Whether plaintiff had beneficial interest in property — Moneylenders Act 1951, s 15 Contract — Privity of contract — Plaintiff not a party to sale and purchase agreement — Whether plaintiff entitled to assert rights against subsequent purchaser Contract — Sham agreements — Test — Intention of parties — Circumstantial evidence — Whether sale and purchase agreements were façade to camouflage illegal moneylending — Whether court entitled to lift veil and examine substance of transaction Appeal — Powers of appellate court — Failure of trial judge to address pleaded issue — Whether appellate court may determine issue not decided by trial court — Whether omission constitutes appealable error Equity — Beneficial interest — Whether illegal and void transaction capable of conferring equitable or beneficial rights Evidence — Presumption — Moneylenders Act 1951 — Presumption of moneylending — Burden of proof — Failure to rebut statutory presumption — Effect 2 offer and acceptance — counter offer Sale of land — whether acceptance by the purchaser is conditional Whether the inclusion of additional terms in the acceptance amounted to a counter offer Whether there is a valid contract 2 Guarantee — Guarantee Service Provider scheme under Kafalah contract — Concurrent rights of bank against customer and guarantee service provider — Corporate Guarantee’s right of subrogation and right of recourse — Whether bank entitled to recover from either or both — Whether defendant ultimately liable — Contracts Act 1950, s.77, s.78, s.79, & s.81. 2 Guarantee — Liability of guarantor — Guarantors claimed that they did not allegedly agree to guarantee the performance of the First Defendant’s obligation to pay any sums outstanding but had only promised that the First Defendant will comply with the terms of the agreement ­ — Whether the Guarantors are discharge of their obligations — Letter of comfort 2 Development agreement — Construction — Whether agreement to be construed as a whole — Whether plaintiff established exclusive entitlement to Land Cost and judgment sum — Effect of contemporaneous documents and parties' conduct — Burden of proof. 1 Privatisation agreement — Termination — Alleged breach — Outstanding contractual payments — Counter-allegation of prior breach — Bad faith — Suitability for determination under Order 33. 1 Guarantee — Guarantors — Condition precedent — Certificate of Practical Completion (CPC) — Continuing guarantee — Construction of guarantee — Non-fulfilment of condition precedent — Main contract — KPRJ contract — Quantum — Burden of proof — Claim dismissed with costs 1 Loan agreement — Friendly loan — Cash advance — Proof of loan — Alleged advancement of RM180,000 in cash — Absence of receipts, bank statements or contemporaneous financial records — Borrower executing loan agreement and statutory declaration acknowledging receipt of money — Whether lender discharged burden of proof — Whether admissions sufficient to establish indebtedness — Evidence Act 1950, ss 17, 18, 21, 101–103. 1 Loan — Friendly loan — Cash transaction — Burden of proof — Distinction between proof of execution of loan documents and proof of actual disbursement of loan monies — Whether execution alone sufficient — Whether loan nevertheless proved through admissions and surrounding evidence. 1 Consent — Non est factum — Illiteracy or limited language proficiency — Borrower alleging inability to understand language of document — Allegation of deception — Admitted signature on loan agreement and statutory declaration — Whether consent vitiated — Whether signatory bound by signed document — Contracts Act 1950, ss 10, 14, 17–19. 1 Consideration — Loan agreement — Whether consideration proved — Cash loan — Relationship between contractual acknowledgment of receipt and proof of consideration — Contracts Act 1950, ss 2(d), 10. 1 Indemnity — Contractual indemnity under banker’s guarantee application — Bank paying beneficiary pursuant to guarantee — Recovery of amount paid — Alternative claim in unjust enrichment and restitution. 1 Misrepresentation — Fraud — Sale and purchase of land — Allegation that vendor represented bungalow stood wholly on land conveyed — Purchaser subsequently discovering structure straddled adjoining lot retained by vendor — Whether allegations of fraud and misrepresentation required proof notwithstanding defendant’s default — Evidence Act 1950. 1 Agreed damages — Liquidated damages clause — Default judgment — Whether agreed damages recoverable as liquidated demand — Discrepancy between pleaded amount and amount claimed in prayer — Requirement that stipulated sum constitute reasonable compensation — Contracts Act 1950, s 75. 1 Rescission — Restitution — Recovery of purchase price — Re-conveyance of land — Claim for agreed damages in addition to restitutionary relief — Whether claim raised issue of double recovery — Contracts Act 1950, ss 65, 66. 1 Recovery of debt — Supply of newspapers — Liability under vendor agreement and MEP arrangement — Proof of indebtedness by documentary evidence — Appeal against findings of fact — Whether appellate intervention warranted 1 Incorporation by reference — Professional services agreement — Effect of general incorporation clause and specific reference to individual condition within incorporated terms 1 Guarantee — Share sale transaction — Deed of Profit Guarantee and Escrow — Alleged substitution and release of guarantor — Whether defendant discharged from obligations under profit guarantee by December 2022 arrangements involving third party guarantor 1 + 134 more

Agreement — Sale and purchase agreement — 1st respondent claimed liquidated ascertained damages (“LAD”) against applicant for delay in delivery of vacant possession — Settlement agreement between applicant and 1st respondent — Whether settlement agreement entered — Whether settlement agreement is certain and capable of being certain — Whether settlement agreement entered prior to the occurrence of the delay of vacant possession —Whether 1st respondent estopped by settlement agreement from filing claim at the Tribunal for Homebuyers Claim 3 cases

Unconscionability — Unequal bargaining power — Penalty clauses — Interest and late payment charges — Whether terms in a Letter of Offer and subsequent Settlement Agreement were unconscionable — Impact of prior commercial conduct and partial performance. 2 cases

Illegality — Moneylending transaction — Sale and purchase agreements alleged to be sham — Whether agreements intended to disguise loan transaction — Whether contravened Moneylenders Act 1951 — Unlicensed moneylending — Effect of illegality — Whether agreements enforceable — Moneylenders Act 1951, ss 2, 5, 10OA, 15, 17A Contract — Illegality — Moneylending transaction — Sale and purchase agreements declared unenforceable — Effect on third-party claims — Whether plaintiff had beneficial interest in property — Moneylenders Act 1951, s 15 Contract — Privity of contract — Plaintiff not a party to sale and purchase agreement — Whether plaintiff entitled to assert rights against subsequent purchaser Contract — Sham agreements — Test — Intention of parties — Circumstantial evidence — Whether sale and purchase agreements were façade to camouflage illegal moneylending — Whether court entitled to lift veil and examine substance of transaction Appeal — Powers of appellate court — Failure of trial judge to address pleaded issue — Whether appellate court may determine issue not decided by trial court — Whether omission constitutes appealable error Equity — Beneficial interest — Whether illegal and void transaction capable of conferring equitable or beneficial rights Evidence — Presumption — Moneylenders Act 1951 — Presumption of moneylending — Burden of proof — Failure to rebut statutory presumption — Effect 2 cases

Guarantee — Guarantee Service Provider scheme under Kafalah contract — Concurrent rights of bank against customer and guarantee service provider — Corporate Guarantee’s right of subrogation and right of recourse — Whether bank entitled to recover from either or both — Whether defendant ultimately liable — Contracts Act 1950, s.77, s.78, s.79, & s.81. 2 cases

Guarantee — Liability of guarantor — Guarantors claimed that they did not allegedly agree to guarantee the performance of the First Defendant’s obligation to pay any sums outstanding but had only promised that the First Defendant will comply with the terms of the agreement ­ — Whether the Guarantors are discharge of their obligations — Letter of comfort 2 cases

Development agreement — Construction — Whether agreement to be construed as a whole — Whether plaintiff established exclusive entitlement to Land Cost and judgment sum — Effect of contemporaneous documents and parties' conduct — Burden of proof. 1 case

Privatisation agreement — Termination — Alleged breach — Outstanding contractual payments — Counter-allegation of prior breach — Bad faith — Suitability for determination under Order 33. 1 case

Guarantee — Guarantors — Condition precedent — Certificate of Practical Completion (CPC) — Continuing guarantee — Construction of guarantee — Non-fulfilment of condition precedent — Main contract — KPRJ contract — Quantum — Burden of proof — Claim dismissed with costs 1 case

Loan agreement — Friendly loan — Cash advance — Proof of loan — Alleged advancement of RM180,000 in cash — Absence of receipts, bank statements or contemporaneous financial records — Borrower executing loan agreement and statutory declaration acknowledging receipt of money — Whether lender discharged burden of proof — Whether admissions sufficient to establish indebtedness — Evidence Act 1950, ss 17, 18, 21, 101–103. 1 case

Loan — Friendly loan — Cash transaction — Burden of proof — Distinction between proof of execution of loan documents and proof of actual disbursement of loan monies — Whether execution alone sufficient — Whether loan nevertheless proved through admissions and surrounding evidence. 1 case

Consideration — Loan agreement — Whether consideration proved — Cash loan — Relationship between contractual acknowledgment of receipt and proof of consideration — Contracts Act 1950, ss 2(d), 10. 1 case

Indemnity — Contractual indemnity under banker’s guarantee application — Bank paying beneficiary pursuant to guarantee — Recovery of amount paid — Alternative claim in unjust enrichment and restitution. 1 case

Misrepresentation — Fraud — Sale and purchase of land — Allegation that vendor represented bungalow stood wholly on land conveyed — Purchaser subsequently discovering structure straddled adjoining lot retained by vendor — Whether allegations of fraud and misrepresentation required proof notwithstanding defendant’s default — Evidence Act 1950. 1 case

Agreed damages — Liquidated damages clause — Default judgment — Whether agreed damages recoverable as liquidated demand — Discrepancy between pleaded amount and amount claimed in prayer — Requirement that stipulated sum constitute reasonable compensation — Contracts Act 1950, s 75. 1 case

Rescission — Restitution — Recovery of purchase price — Re-conveyance of land — Claim for agreed damages in addition to restitutionary relief — Whether claim raised issue of double recovery — Contracts Act 1950, ss 65, 66. 1 case

Recovery of debt — Supply of newspapers — Liability under vendor agreement and MEP arrangement — Proof of indebtedness by documentary evidence — Appeal against findings of fact — Whether appellate intervention warranted 1 case

Incorporation by reference — Professional services agreement — Effect of general incorporation clause and specific reference to individual condition within incorporated terms 1 case

Guarantee — Share sale transaction — Deed of Profit Guarantee and Escrow — Alleged substitution and release of guarantor — Whether defendant discharged from obligations under profit guarantee by December 2022 arrangements involving third party guarantor 1 case

Release — Construction of contractual documents — Whether plaintiff’s letter dated 21 December 2022 constituted complete and unconditional release — Whether release dependent upon fulfilment or deemed fulfilment of conditions in “Agreement to Release PG” 1 case

Conditions precedent — Completion conditions — Whether appointment of new stakeholder and transfer of escrow shares and escrow cash constituted conditions precedent to release — Whether conditions fulfilled, waived or dispensed with by conduct 1 case

Waiver and remission — Section 64 Contracts Act 1950 — Whether promisee may dispense with contractual performance without consideration — Whether alleged dispensation unconditional or conditional upon disputed matters — Whether waiver by conduct capable of summary determination on affidavit evidence 1 case

Escrow arrangements — Escrow shares — Alleged unauthorised transfer of escrow shares through third party company and back into defendant’s name — Whether dealings consistent with trust arrangement and release documentation — Whether disputes disclosed triable issues 1 case

Sale of goods — Payment — Pay-when-paid clause — Whether payment obligation contingent upon prior payment by Government — Whether unsigned conditional letter of appointment formed binding agreement — Whether subsequent purchase orders with express payment terms superseded alleged contingent arrangement — Whether defence of prematurity established 1 case

Interest — Late payment interest — Whether plaintiff entitled to contractual late payment interest stated in invoices — Whether failure to previously enforce strict payment timelines constituted waiver — Whether defendants had notice of interest clause 1 case

Assignment and novation — Requirement of notice under tenancy agreement — Whether absence of written notice under contractual clause precluded finding of novation — Whether novation established on affidavit evidence alone 1 case

Oral contract — Ship repair works — Claim for work done — Whether additional works fell within original contract sum or were separately chargeable — Whether contractor entitled to payment for additional works requested and accepted by employer — Contracts Act 1950, s 71 1 case

Key Statutes

Contracts Act 1950
cited in 28 cases
cited in 22 cases
Rules of Court 2012
cited in 16 cases
cited in 6 cases
cited in 5 cases
cited in 3 cases
Contracts Act
cited in 3 cases
cited in 3 cases
Civil Law Act 1956
cited in 2 cases
Moneylenders Act 1951
cited in 2 cases
Moneylending Act 1951
cited in 2 cases
Capital Markets and Services Act 2007
cited in 2 cases
cited in 2 cases
Arbitration Act 1940
cited in 1 case

Court Distribution

Key People & Firms

Cases

Page 4 of 6
wa-12ancc-88-10-2024
YES TRAVEL & HOLIDAYS SDN. BHD. v 1. ) MIKI TRAVEL (HONG KONG) LIMITED 2. ) MIKI TRAVEL SDN BHD
9 October 2025
MYHC
wa-22ncvc-174-03-2025
1. ) GENERALI INSURANCE MALAYSIA BERHAD 2. ) TAKAFUL IKHLAS GENERAL BERHAD 3. ) SS MOTOR CENTURY SDN. BHD. v 1. ) WAWASAN SINAR GEMILANG SDN. BHD. 2. ) Kua Guan Chai 3. ) Phun Booi Mooi
7 October 2025
MYHC
wa-22ncvc-177-03-2025
1. ) TAN CHEE SENG 2. ) LIM YA HUI 3. ) KC WORKPLACE SDN BHD 4. ) WONG KHIM SIONG 5. ) WONG HONG JIAN 6. ) CV ACADEMY SDN BHD 7. ) CALL W SDN BHD 8. ) TAN CHEE BOON v 1. ) HOO VOON HIM 2. ) V INVESCO FUND (L) LIMITED 3. ) V INVESCO SDN BHD
28 September 2025
MYHC
wa-12ancvc-124-07-2024
THEAN YAW YEONG (didakwa sebagai individu dan/atau pemilik tunggal firma guaman Tetuan Thean & Co) v 1. ) YAP HOONG CHAI 2. ) CHENG YING YING
25 September 2025
MYHC
wa-12bncc-16-06-2023
1. ) TAN TEE HUI 2. ) Soon Siew Ling v DE FOOD CREATOR SDN BHD
24 September 2025
MYHC
wa-22m-169-08-2021
BANK KERJASAMA RAKYAT MALAYSIA BERHAD v PRISMA BUMIRAYA SDN BHD
24 September 2025
MYHC
aa-22ncvc-74-10-2020
CAHAYA WIBAWA SDN.BHD v DEWAN PERNIAGAAN INDIA PERAK (Perak Indian Chamber of Commerce) dan diwakili oleh Majlis atau pemegang-pemegang yang bernama 1.RAVISANKAR A/L BALASUBRAMANIAM Pengurusi 2.HAJI SULTAN ABDUL KHADER A/L SHAIK MOHAMED-Timbalan Pengerusi 3. ASOKAN A/L YATHIRAJU-Setiausaha 4.SARAVANABAWAN MATHIALAGAN-Penolong Setiausaha 5.MUNIAMMAL A/P SUPPIAH CHETTIAR-Bendahari 6.GANESAN A/L SUBRAMANIAM-Ahli J/kuasa 7.MANIMARAN A/L EKAMPARAM -Ahli J/Kuasa 8.YEGAMBARAM AM SUPPIAH PILLAY-Ahli ...
22 September 2025
MYHC
aa-24ncvc-118-03-2022
SULTAN ABDUL KHADER A/L SHAIK MOHAMED (SEBAGAI TIMBALAN PENGERUSI DEWAN PERNIAGAAN INDIA PERAK DAHULUNYA DIKENALI SEBAGAI PERAK INDIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE) v CAHAYA WIBAWA SDN. BHD.
22 September 2025
MYHC
da-12b-19-05-2023
PUSAT PEMERIKSAAN KENDERAAN BERKOMPUTER (PUSPAKOM) v 1. ) Sufrin Bin Mansor 2. ) MAYBANK ISLAMIC BERHAD 3. ) FOCAL PARK SDN BHD
17 September 2025
MYHC
wa-22ncvc-55-01-2025
BOEY CHIN FUAN v PESAT BUMI SDN BHD
27 August 2025
MYHC
b-02ncvcw-779-04-2022
ENCORP ISKANDAR DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD v XXXX
26 August 2025
MYCOA
w-02ncvcw-1616-09-2024
UEM Land Berhad v Mohd Khalid Bin Mohd Noor
12 August 2025
MYCOA
wa-27ncc-2-01-2022
MALAYAN ENERGISTIK SOLUTIONS SDN BHD v 1. ) SAMUDERA WIBAWA HOLDINGS SDN BHD 2. ) YANG XIAOWEN 3. ) CHI YEW LAN 4. ) LIM CHEE YONG 5. ) YANG JINFU
11 August 2025
MYHC
wa-22ncc-352-09-2017
Dato' Sri Andrew Kam Tai Yeow v 1. ) Tan Sri Dato' Kam Woon Wah 2. ) RAUB MINING & DEVELOPMENT COMPANY SDN BHD 3. ) RAUB OIL MILL SDN BHD 4. ) WAHBUNGA REALTY SDN BHD 5. ) YUM SDN BHD 6. ) BERJAYA REALTY SDN BHD 7. ) GRANDFOODS SDN BHD 8. ) LEAD ENTERPRISES SDN BHD 9. ) GRANNY'S KITCHEN SDN BHD 10. ) UNITED RAUB OIL PALMS SDN BHD 11. ) COASTAL REALTY SDN BHD 12. ) NG PUI KUEN 13. ) LEE SIEW KIN PIHAK TERKILAN 1. ) EDWARD KAM TAI KEONG 2. ) LINDA KAM THAI ENG
5 August 2025
MYHC
wa-12ancvc-9-01-2025
WATSON'S PERSONAL CARE STORES SDN BHD v ALUXCARE WELLNESS SDN BHD
4 August 2025
MYHC
wa-22ncc-429-08-2022
RICH PRUDENCE SDN BHD v CENVIRO RECYCLING & RECOVERY SDN BHD
29 July 2025
MYHC
ca-22ncvc-70-12-2018
Adenland (Kuantan) Sdn Bhd v 1. ) NORHAYATI BINTI ISMAIL 2. ) MOHD AZHAN BIN MOHD AHIA 3. ) NUR ATIQAH BINTI ABD RAHIM 4. ) WAN MOHD FAISAL BIN WAN IDRIS 5. ) DAING MOHAMAD NAFIZ BIN DAING IDRIS 6. ) NOR EZREEN BINTI BAHRIN 7. ) CHEW CHOI SIN 8. ) CHEW ANJUN 9. ) WONG SU SEONG 10. ) AZIZUL HELMI BIN SOFIAN 11. ) KHAIRUL HELMI BIN ZAINAL 12. ) MOHD FAHRUL BIN JAAFAR 13. ) NURUL 'IZZATI BT MAT YUNUS 14. ) YONDRIKA BIN SUDIRMAN 15. ) NURHAFIZAH BINTI MAT YUNUS 16. ) SAM CHAI GUAN 17. ) NOORHANA ...
20 July 2025
MYHC
wa-27ncc-12-03-2023
GREATSHIP GLOBAL OFFSHORE SERVICES PTE LTD v 1. ) VANTAGE MARINE & LOGISTICS SDN BHD 2. ) AZIZUL AZMA BIN AB MALIK 3. ) ESWARAN A/L PANJARATNAM 4. ) WONG CHENG PERNG 5. ) MARGRATE TAMBANUN 6. ) MUHAMMAD SABRI BIN AB GHANI 7. ) SKOSV SDN BHD
14 July 2025
MYHC
wa-22ncc-513-10-2022
KUEEN LAI PROPERTIES SDN BHD v 1. ) ACE CREDIT (M) SDN. BHD. 2. ) CHANG AI NEE 3. ) DATO' CHOONG CHEE MENG
6 July 2025
MYHC
bl-12bncc-2-02-2025
MAGEALA A/P THARMALINGAM v MZP CONSTRUCTION & TRADING
1 July 2025
MYHC
wa-22m-289-12-2021
1. ) MEGAH BERKAT SDN BHD 2. ) CHOK TIN YONG 3. ) CHOK TENG HIAN v MBSB BANK BERHAD
22 June 2025
MYHC
wa-22ncc-700-10-2024
BAANU A/P MOHAN v AIA BERHAD
15 June 2025
MYHC
wa-22ncc-137-03-2025
RHB BANK BERHAD v 1. ) CARZO IMPORT (M) SDN BHD 2. ) DELON LEE KEAN YIP 3. ) CARZO HOLDINGS BERHAD
29 May 2025
MYHC
wa-22ncvc-75-02-2021
MEDCELLENCE MANUFACTURING v 1. ) GETHA (1969) SDN. BHD 2. ) GET GLOVE SDN BHD PENCELAH DICADANGKAN MEDGLUV INC
29 May 2025
MYHC
ba-12bncvc-59-09-2024
PUNCAK NIAGA CONSTRUCTION SDN BHD v ABRAHAM A/L P. JOSEPH
22 May 2025
MYHC