CRIMINAL LAW: Common intention – s. 34 Penal Code – Whether s. 34 creates substantive offence or is a rule of evidence – Participation as essential element – Meaning of participation – Whether mere presence at scene of offence sufficient to establish participation – Whether presence must carry quality of facilitating or promoting the offence – Whether court may draw collective finding of common intention against all accused without identifying individual participatory acts – Whether prosecution must establish evidential minimum of participation individually against each accused

7 cases · Part of CRIMINAL LAW: Common intention